Molavi Abdul-Samad, a member of the council of Afghan clerics, was killed by unknown armed men in the provincial capital city of Tarinkot at 12:00 a.m. local time on Tuesday, Uruzgan police officials said.
The officials say the attackers have escaped the scene of the attack and that police launched an investigation into the incident.
No group has yet claimed the responsibility of the attack.
Violence in Afghanistan has been on the rise in recent months despite the presence of thousands of US-led foreign forces in the war-weary country.
On Monday, four intelligence agents were killed and 15 other people injured after a car bomb attack in Afghanistan's southern Helmand Province.